Eastern European Backwardness Free Essay Example, 1750 words

The formation of ‘devils’ or adversaries in that context have left us with the option of either deserting such concepts on the whole, or discovering new adversaries once the previous ones weakened or were defeated. The traditional reaction has, apparently, been the extension or rediscovery of even earlier adversaries, frameworks, and policies, to a certain extent than an effort to generate basic change. Present dilemmas affect citizens of Eastern Europe on exceptionally individual levels on a daily basis. The example of East Germany, which presented a particular form of economic and physical protection for men and women alike that can no longer be located in the unified Federal Republic, is a bleak case in point of the reality. But regimes in Eastern Europe discover it improbable to satisfactorily address such predicaments as spiraling crime (Baylis & Leone 1994). The ordinary citizens cannot ignore the ready availability of drugs and the enormous amounts of money their transactions produce for vastly successful criminal industrialists of our period. Nations once assumed of as superpowers can no longer have the funds to stage wars whose costliness is the outcome of the core economic structures they designed. We will write a custom essay sample on Eastern European Backwardness or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now More and more, they cannot even offer the health care for the members of their society that technology facilitated, but that is extremely expensive that it pressures whole economies. What may appear like an invincible economic civilization at present becomes the future’s savings and loan scam or Japanese letdown to sufficiently recognize global economic factors (Baylis & Leone 1994, 107). Once apparently reliable groundwork of nationhood is shuddering everywhere. II. Eastern Europe: A Remnant of Civilization As a number of scholars have argued, prior to 1914 West European and American intellectuals portrayed Eastern Europe as a land of party Orientalized, backward and immoral citizens, thus distinguishing themselves and a romanticized West, in terms of civilization and empire, from the nations of Eastern Europe; this analysis implores a significant concern. How did the cultural paradigms of Westerners about Eastern Europe following the Great War demonstrate the political evolution that had taken place? Through an exploration of interwar British, French and American texts, in addition to both recent scholarly researches and travel reports that were publicized regarding the region, one can assume that West Europeans and Americans still have their deep-seated knowledge about the region and its peoples (Wolff 1994).

Analysis Of Raymonds Run By Toni Cade Bambara - 721 Words

The short story I picked was Raymonds Run by Toni Cade Bambara. The story centers around and is narrated by Squeaky (real name Hazel) a young black girl who is growing up in Harlem with a younger brother named Raymond who is mentally challenged. It deals with her growing up, taking care of her brother, and finding her own identity. Raymond’s Run is a short story that I could use to teach students about what good writing looks like. According to Bomer and Fowler-Amato (2014), â€Å"writers can learn to think about design from studying and discussing the ways other writers have constructed published texts that are considered high quality in this discipline† (p. 157). Using examples of good writing and discussing with students what makes†¦show more content†¦I would have students explore the protagonist, antagonist and supporting characters in depth to examine their traits, motivations, relationships and how they drive the story as a whole. A third important ele ment of short stories and writing is that of theme. The theme is the life lesson of a story or the author’s message or big idea. Theme helps readers connect with a story. It allows readers to relate to the characters and their struggles and to feel invested in the outcome. The theme is a narrative that is woven throughout the story in different ways. It is a powerful ideas that helps to drive the plot and character action. Author’s style is another important technique when writing. A writer’s style is what sets his or her writing apart and makes it unique. Style is the way writing is dressed up (or down) to fit the specific context, purpose, or audience. Word choice, sentence fluency, and the writer’s voice — all contribute to the style of a piece of writing. The author’s point of view is part of this. Point of View is the way the author allows the reader to see and hear what is going on and the perspective from which the story is told. Raymond’s Run is told through the narrator’s voice in the first person point of view. It helps the reader to feel close to the main character and see what they see, feel what they feel and understand how they think. Lastly, setting is another important element of writing.Show MoreRelatedEnglish 10 : Raymond s Run By Toni Cade Bambara1139 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 10: Raymond s Run by Toni Cade Bambara Character Analysis By: Lauren ****Something about how gretchen never says anything, her entourage does it all**** **underline topic sentence*** In Toni Cade Bambara’s, Raymond’s Run, the most intriguing part is the conflict. Based around young girls, they argue using many different tactics. Body language, flaws and snarking comments are obviously used because most girls dig down and find the nitty gritty details that will intimidate their opponent

Essay on Salaries of Athletes are too High - 2022 Words

Salaries of Athletes What should athletes deserve to be paid? Many players have risen to stardom by becoming a professional athlete. Athletes have come from many different backgrounds; some from wealthy and some from poverty raised backgrounds. Salaries are continuing to rise, and money doesn’t seem to be an issue. Athletes are getting what they want from the owners by negotiating through their agents. Athletes’ salaries aren’t from their owners, but they come from other sources (â€Å"Athletes’ Salary†). Athletes get paid an extremely high salary for the work they do, and should consider the value of their work. They do not deserve the extreme amount they get paid and something should by done about it. One issue that these†¦show more content†¦This salary is an outrageous amount but who really deserves it? Maybe Michael does, but in the future some no names might get this. Athletes practice maybe no more than 3-4 hours per day. That is half of what an average person works in a day. In the NBA, they only play 82 games a season. So, Michael Jordan was getting paid about .4 million dollars a game. Also, it was calculated from his average that he made about 20,000 dollars for every shot he took. Each game they play is for a total of 48 minutes. After that they travel to the next game. The athletes are getting paid whatever they ask for and they really don’t deserve it (Kindred 63). Maybe if they showed that it takes a lot of conditioning and a lot of practice, rather than going on vacations to Hawaii, they might catch a few more eyes looking at them. One of the biggest issues that raise the salaries of the players are the endorsements and advertisements that promote their contributions. It was reported that Michael Jordan made 100 million dollars (profit) last year (Spiegel 220). That means he made almost 70 million dollars from other sources being clothing firm, advertisements, restaurant, and awards. The owners also are paying the athletes from the sponsors that pay them to advertise their company. Owners only get profit from this deal. Corporations are paying athletes millions to advertise their product, because the consumer would rather buy theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Escalating Professional Athlete Salaries1080 Words   |  5 PagesEscalating Professional Athlete Salaries Works Cited Not Included In recent years, with the growing popularity of sports, athletes salaries have escalated like that of a superb stock equity. Athletes are taking full advantage of their position, causing the average man to wonder how high will they go. Some feel that athletes are greedy people who have lost care for the true meaning of their salary, the love of the game. Others feel that if a person is able to earn that kind of moneyRead MoreEssay on SPORT1516 Words   |  7 Pages Professional Athletes Salaries: Are they paid too much? What should athletes deserve to be paid? Many players have risen to stardom by becoming a professional athlete. Athletes have come from many different backgrounds; some from wealthy and some from poverty raised backgrounds. Salaries are continuing to rise, and money doesn’t seem to be an issue. Athletes are getting what they want from the owners by negotiating through their agents. Athletes’ salaries aren’t just from their owners, but theyRead MoreProfessional Athletes Salaries874 Words   |  3 Pages The salary of professional athletes is a widely debated topic across the United States in this current period of time. Many people are undecided on the matter; are the wages that professional athletes are paid reasonable, or ridiculous? Though it is commonly argued that these athletes don’t deserve the impressive salaries they receive, when all the facts have been stated, it is only logical to say that they do. Before anything else is brought into question, consider the hardship these athletesRead MoreAthlete Are Paid Too Much787 Words   |  4 PagesToday s professional athletes make ridiculous salaries and are only increasing year after year. Every year we hear how a professional athlete just signed a contract worth a record amount. Then about the same time next year we hear about another athlete is signing a new contract worth even more than the previous high. Professional athletes are making too much money in a society that salaries and wages are typically based on the value of ones work. In today s society where salaries are determined byRead MoreEssay about Are Pro Athletes Paid Too Much?728 Words   |  3 PagesAre professional athletes paid too much? Today’s sport’s world is the biggest revenue making industry in the world. Different sports bring in different amounts of revenue but they are all enormous amounts. I myself love sports so there are a few sports that I contribute to financially also. Is it fair that professional athletes get paid millions of dollars to entertain us? It is known that the sporting industry Sporting events is a place for people to go, relax, have fun, and do something theyRead MoreAre Athletes Overpaid Or Overpaid?1012 Words   |  5 PagesAre Athletes Overpaid In the new era that revolves around technology, athletes are in the mainstream media every day. Whether it is on ESPN, CBS, or FOX Sports, athletes are in our faces constantly. Along with their faces, we also see their contracts. These athletes are making millions of dollars play a sport. A common question athletes hear do they think they are overpaid. This question is often not asked to other professions and is only commonly asked to athletes. They usually don t know howRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1104 Words   |  5 Pagesdollars annually, and has made just over seven billion dollars since 2006. Since the establishment of the organization, the only money that has been offered to student athletes is in the form of a scholarship. As of right now, student athletes do not receive salaries, only some form of scholarships. If these student athletes were given salaries instead, it could go a long way. In an article from TheSportster, stated that â€Å"If college football p layers received decent middle class wages, many players wouldRead MoreAtheltes Paid Too Much1152 Words   |  5 PagesGage Meyers Mrs. Byers Comp. 1-4 15 April 2014 Athletes Do Not Deserve What They Are Paid It would be great to make 31.3 million dollars a year. Adding an additional 47 million dollars in endorsements for simply playing a game that an athlete loves. Michael Jordan, along with several other professional athletes, think getting paid millions of dollars is perfect. In the 1996 season, after playing 3,106 minutes, Michael Jordan made 170,000 dollars a day which is the equivalent of 160.97 dollars a secondRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1539 Words   |  7 PagesBrett Ott Argument Paper Rough Draft 11/20/15 One of the biggest debates in sports right now is whether or not college athletes should be paid. They spend an extensive amount of time between classes, workouts, practices, and games. As an NCAA Division III athlete, I can relate to having a demanding schedule. Everybody has to go to their classes and practice every day. In addition, we have skill workouts between classes depending on the day, as well as lifting four days per week in the offseasonRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1398 Words   |  6 Pagessome time now there has been a great dispute about whether or not athletes at the collegiate level should receive compensation for their hard work. The proposal of payment to student athletes has begun major conversations and arguments nationwide. Some people argue that college athletes already receive compensation by not only having to pay for college tuition but the special treatment that goes along with being a collegiate athlete. While the idea of receiving a free college education for four years

Opposing the Vietnam War Essay - 1023 Words

Opposing the Vietnam War The War in Vietnam is one of the most controversial arguments in history. The main reason That it is so controversial, is because we lost. Both democrats and republicans argue that the way the war was handled should have been differently. Some ask why bother, the war is over and done with; that there is nothing anyone can do to change it. The amazing thing about history though is that we can learn from our mistakes, and make sure that nothing like this ever happens again. Then again, if the Vietnam never happened we would have better relations with foreign countries. America would not be in such a large dept if the war had never occurred. The soldiers were scarred for life because†¦show more content†¦America entered into the war because it wanted to stop the spread of totalitarian expansion. The goal was to stop North Vietnam from taking over south Vietnam and converting it to Communism. the goal wasn’t to win the war and just to support it; and American citizens and soldiers lost morale in the war. The U.S military troops had a very hard time trying to find their enemy. One of the worst things that happened was that they had to shoot women and children because they were helping the North Vietnam troops. Jennifer Rosenberg states â€Å"In every village, U.S. troops had difficulty determining which, if any, villagers were the enemy since even women and children could build booby traps or help house and feed the Viet Cong.† (Rosenberg 1) The soldiers ended up killing innocent women and children because they didn’t know who the enemy was. The North Vietnamese army had a major advantage over the U.S; they knew the forests well, and had plenty of forests to hid in. As Rosenberg wrote â€Å"Since Viet Cong hid in the dense brush, U.S. forces would drop Agent Orange or napalm bombs which cleared an area by causing the leaves to drop off or to burn away.† (Rosenberg 1) This would not only kill the trees, but it would kill the soldiers and animals asShow MoreRelatedWere Women a Help or Bother During the Vietnam War?1212 Words   |  5 Pagescourse because all throughout history women have made significant contributions to America, especially the Vietnam War. The United States has been slower to include women in its military planning and actions. Men believed in saving the United States from communism, and many women believed they could make a difference in the battle. Women, military as well as civilian, volunteered to go to Vietnam for a variety of reasons, as they wanted to show love and companion to men, they wanted to show their independencyRead MoreRelationship Between Identity And Security1400 Words   |  6 Pagesthe majority of conflicts that have occurred. In conflicts, states are invested in promoting their constructed identity, and challenging the opposing identity. In the following section, this essay will be using the elements of interests, alliances, and fear of the other to demons trate the underpinning of the relationship in the three events of the Vietnam War, dà ©tente and the 2003 Iraq invasion. Interests are important in the relationship as it allows us to observe why a state is involved in a conflictRead MoreInfluence of the Media in the Anti-War Movement of the 60s and 70s1600 Words   |  7 PagesSouth Vietnam which could have happened that realistically threatens the United States of America.† In that same testimony, Kerry discussed that most people â€Å"did not even know the difference between communism and democracy. They only wanted to work in rice paddies without helicopters strafing them and bombs with napalm burning their villages and tearing their country apart.† The Fulbright hearings were an eye-opener to the millions of Americans who watched them. They convinced many that opposing theRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was A Damaging Conflict1178 Words   |  5 PagesValean Professor William Mack U.S. History 2 16 April 2015 Vietnam War The Vietnam War was a damaging conflict that left deep scars on all the people and countries that were involved. About 60,000 American lives were taken and an estimated 2,000,000 Vietnamese were killed or wounded. That is about 10 percent of Vietnam’s population. Many bombs, weapons, and chemical warfare destroyed Vietnam’s infrastructure and land. Not only did this war bring destruction to Vietnam’s physical country, but it helpedRead MoreThe Cause For The Vietnam War1442 Words   |  6 PagesAmong the causes for the Vietnam War are the Western fear of communism, the remnants of nineteenth-century colonialism, and tensions caused by World War Two and the Cold War, but these causes could easily have been circumvented and the Vietnam War prevented. As is often the case with wars, one of the most influential factors in the causation of the Vietnam War was fear, especially fear of communism and social upheaval. The anti-communist policies of Western culture had the greatest direct influenceRead MoreCivil War And The Vietnam War905 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 1960s and 1970s, America endured the Vietnam War and protests against U.S. involvement in Vietnam. From college campus demonstrations, to newspaper articles and radio broadcasts, antiwar sentiment blossomed through different mediums to convey how dissatisfied some citizens felt against the War’s duration. May 4, 1970 saw college students of Kent State University holding a common antiwar demonstration turn unusually fatal: four students were shot dead and nine others sustained wounds. ItRead MoreMedia Coverage On The Vietnam War1549 Words   |  7 PagesThe Vietnam War introduced many new forms of technology on and off of the battlefield. Increased weaponry helpe d shape the outcome of the war, but media coverage also played a large role in representing the news and opinions of the war. Viet Thanh Nguyen’s The Sympathizer helps illustrate how the media influences and spreads the opinions of the people during the Vietnam War. The war media, which includes newspapers, movies, and most importantly television, caters towards its audience. What the mediaRead MoreA Comparison Of The American And Vietnam Revolutionary Wars And The Use Of Insergency1500 Words   |  6 PagesAND VIETNAM REVOLUTIONARY WARS AND THE USE OF INSERGENCY CW4 Joseph, Stephen E WOSSE: 16-006B 26 September 2016 Table of Contents A Nation for Change 1 A Revolutionary War 1 Liberating a Revolutionary War 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6 A Nation for Change No one person wakes in the morning and decides to tackle years of institutional rule without thinking certain doom, discomfort, or in some cases, death. Citizens living during the times within the United States (1775 – 1784) and Vietnam (1955Read MoreThe Vietnam War Was A Brutal Conflict1666 Words   |  7 Pages The Vietnam War was a brutal internal conflict between North and South Vietnam over the North s attempt to spread communism. Taking place between 1961 and 1975, it became America s second longest war. This battle destroyed countless villages, farmlands, forests, and neighboring countries of Vietnam. It took the lives of about two million Vietnamese soldiers and civilians, and over fifty-eight thousand American soldiers. In an effort to cease the spread of communism, many American troops wereRead MoreA Pyrrhic Victory Is Defined, Per Merriam-Webster, As â€Å"A969 Words   |  4 Pages A pyrrhic victory is defined, per Merriam-Webster, as â€Å"A victory that is not worth winning because so much is lost to achieve it.† For much of America in the era of the Vietnam War, the Tet Offensive could be defined as such a victory. In this paper I will first define the Tet Offensive in a concise manner, give the arguments supporting an American victory and the reciprocal considering a North Vietnamese victory, and finally make a conclusion supporting the thesis that in the long term, the North

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Free Essays

Since acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized more than 20 years ago, remarkable progress has been made in improving the quality and duration of life of persons with HIV infection. During the first decade, this progress was associated with recognition of opportunistic disease processes, more effective therapy for complications, and introduction of prophylaxis against common opportunistic infections (OIs). The second decade has witnessed progress in developing highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) as well as continuing progress in treating OIs (Masur, Kaplan Holmes, 1999). We will write a custom essay sample on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since the HIV serologic test (enzyme immunoassay [EIA], formerly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ALISHA], became available in 1984, allowing early diagnosis of the infection before onset of symptoms, HIV infection has been best managed as a chronic disease   and most appropriately managed in an outpatient care setting (Gallant, 2001). II. Background A. Epidemiology In fall 1982, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a case definition of AIDS after the first 100 cases were reported. Since then, the CDC has revised the case definition a number of times (1985, 1987, and 1993) All 50 states, the District of Columbia, U.S. dependencies and possessions, and independent nations in free association with the United States report AIDS cases to the CDC using a uniform surveillance case definition and case report from (CDC, 2000). Starting in the late 1990s, more states started to implement HIV case reporting in response to the changing epidemic and the need for information on persons with HIV infection who have not developed AIDS. As of December 2001, there were 816,149 reported cases of HIV/AIDS and 506, 154 adults, adolescents, and children in the United States (including U.S. dependencies, possession, and associated nations) living with AIDS. Unprotected sex and sharing of injection drug use equipment are the major means of transmission of HIV. A total of 43, 158 AIDS cases were diagnosed in 2001. For men diagnosed with AIDS during 2001, 59% were in the exposure category of men who have sex with men; 24% in injection drug use; and 7% in heterosexual contact. In women diagnosed with AIDS during that same period, 44% reported injection drug use and 52% reported heterosexual contact. Comparing race/ethnicity amount the three largest groups diagnosed in 2001, 20,752 were black, not Hispanics (CDC, 2002). The number of people living with AIDS is not evenly distributed throughout the United States. States with the largest number of reported AIDS cases during 2001 were New York (7,476), Florida (5,138), California (4,315), Texas (2,892), and Maryland (1,860) (CDC, 2002). AIDS has reached epidemic proportions in some other parts of the world. According to the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, more than 18.3 million people worldwide have died of AIDS and 34.3 million people are infected with HIV, with 5.4 million people newly infected with HIV in 1999 alone (Letvin, Bloom Hoffman, 2001). UNAIDS (2001) reports that since the epidemic began, more than 60 million people have been infected with the virus, making it the most devastating disease ever. The earliest confirmed case of HIV infection was found in blood drawn from an African man in 1959 (Stephenson, 2003). Although factors associated with the spread of HIV in Africa in the 1960s; however, social changes such as easier access to transportation, increasing population density, and more frequent sexual contacts may have been more important (Stephenson 2003). III. Discussion A. HIV Transmission   HIV-1 is transmitted in body fluids containing HIV and/or infected CD4+ (or CD4) T lymphocytes. These fluids include blood, seminal fluid, vaginal secretions, amniotic fluid, and breast milk. Mother-child transmission of HIV-1 may occur in utero, at the time of the delivery, or through breastfeeding, but transmission frequency during each period has been difficult to determine (Nduati et al., 2000). Any behavior that results in breaks in the skin or mucosa results in the increased probability of exposure to HIV (chart 1). Since HIV is harbored within lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, any exposure to infected blood results in a significant risk of infection. The amount of virus and infected cells in the body fluid is associated with the risk of new infections. How to cite Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Papers

Project Management for Collection of Sources-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theProject Management for Collection of Sources. Answer: Prioritization Process The project prioritization process helps in the formation of the structure for the carrying out of the activities in an organized fashion. The priority is set at first and then the process is carried out so that the outcome for the project can be achieved successfully (Shollo, Constantiou Kreiner, 2015). The use of the project prioritization process also helps in the ranking system of the various processes (Zahedi-Seresht et al., 2014). The order of execution of the various processes of the project is decided by the use of the method of project prioritization process. Rational Criteria The six criteria of project prioritization are as follows (Kerzner Kerzner, 2017)- Understanding the project: The proper understanding of what is required of the project is necessary for the achieving of the outcome of the task. Planning of project: The proper planning of the project is necessary for the carrying out of the task Collection of sources: The next criteria for the prioritization process involve the collection of the data and the collection of the important information in order to carry out the task. Ranking of processes: Based on the importance of the processes, these processes are ranked and the work flow of the project is carried out in accordance with the processes Execution of processes: After all the processes are carried out then the execution of the task is to be made Verification: The verification part involves the checking of the task. The whole task is checked and reviewed and in case of any failure or any problem the error is corrected and then the correct solution is provided. The Project and the solution The project is based on providing shelter to the homeless people coming from different background in Australia. For this two different solutions are proposed (Shadiev, Hwang Huang, 2015). Proper understanding and evaluation of both the solution is necessary in order to propose a particular solution (Ueda Maehira, 2015). The Priority list of both the project The list of priorities associated with project A are as follows- Construction of the 2000 housing units in state of Queensland Construction of Physical amenities Construction of roads, public school, hospital A solution to the homelessness in Australia The list of priorities associated with project B is as follows- Checking the issues such as depression, infectious diseases and so on associated with the homeless people. Eradication of problem of homelessness by pondering over the cures such as building of low budget homes. Creation of awareness among the individual for the serious topic of homelessness, drug addiction and so on Cultivation, farming and other labour skills to be taught to homeless people After evaluation of the prioritization list, it can be concluded that that project B is a feasible and more practical solution to the problem. Associated weightings Criteria Project A Weighing (On scale of 5) Construction of the 2000 housing units in state of Queensland 4.2 Construction of Physical amenities 3.8 Construction of roads, public school, hospital 3.5 Criteria Project b Weighing (On scale of 5) Checking the issues such as depression, infectious diseases and so on associated with the homeless people. 4.2 Eradication of problem of homelessness by pondering over the cures such as building of low budget homes. 4.3 Creation of awareness among the individual for the serious topic of homelessness, drug addiction and so on 4 Cultivation, farming and other labour skills to be taught to homeless people 4.5 Therefore, it is seen that it is more feasible to implement project B Process to Address Failure It is critical to address the project failure as the project is based on providing shelter to the homeless people. Two approaches or solution to the project is present, one of which is construction of 2000 housing units in the state of Queensland. The housing units will be specifically designed to cater for the social and cultural needs of indigenous Australians. The other solution is to use the farming land available in Australia which is not used till date for the use of the homeless people. Therefore it is a very critical decision that is to be made and process of addressing the failure can be implementation of the project after performing proper feasibility and risk analysis. The Project B is chosen and project A is eliminated from the consideration as project A tends to provide houses to the homeless people while project B will address the causes of homelessness and unemployment. Prioritization Matrix: Criteria of chosen solution Weight Score in project A (building of houses) Score of Project B (Using the cultivation lands) 1 Easy Resource availability 5 3 4 2 Provides solution to the identified problem 5 5 5 3 Associated risk 5 4 3 4 Cost of implementation 5 3 4 5 Time for execution 5 3 4 6 Complexity 5 4 5 7 Budget 5 3 4 8 Relocation Cost 5 4 4 9 Site availability 5 3 4 Total Score 32 37 The project B is chosen as it is more feasible to implement as the budget for project B is $33 million dollars while the cost of implementation of project A is nearly $8 billion. Prioritization Outcome The understanding of the project is the most important part of the project. This shows that the understanding of the project is the most important part for carrying out a task. If the requirement of the task is not properly understood then the problem may arise and the outcome of the project is not achieved. The ranking process has been stated as important next to the understanding of the task (Shadiev, Hwang Huang, 2015). The ranking of the task is important as the processes, which are important has to be decided. The work flow is decided on the basis of this parameter. If all the small processes are satisfied only then the task can be completed in a proper manner. The parameter of verification and planning of a project has been ranked third and fourth respectively as these parameters are next important (Reich, 2016).. The proper checking of the task is important after its completion and the planning is to be made before proceeding with the project as the proper planning needs to b e made to avoid any errors. From the above matrix, it can be concluded that it will be more feasible to implement the project B. The project criteria identified are based on the scope of the project and the associated weighing is given on basis of the identified criteria (Kerzner, 2017). The scoring of each criterion is based on a scale of 1 to 5 where 1 represents higher complexity and 5 represents lower complexity. For example, in criteria number 4 that is based on cost of implementation, a score of 3 for project A and a score of 4 for project B indicates it will require more resource and money in implementing project A in comparison to the implementation of project B. Furthermore, it addresses the different causes of homelessness. Therefore it is concluded that out of the two proposed solutions, use of the cultivable land is more appropriate in providing shelter to the homeless people of Australia. References: Kerzner, H. (2017). Project Execution.Project Management Case Studies, 211-308. Kerzner, H., Kerzner, H. R. (2017).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Reich, T. (2016). A Crossroads for Collection Development and Assessment, Its Fallout, and Unknowns: Where Do We Go From Here?. Shadiev, R., Hwang, W. Y., Huang, Y. M. (2015). A pilot study: Facilitating cross-cultural understanding with project-based collaborative learning in an online environment.Australasian Journal of Educational Technology,31(2). Shollo, A., Constantiou, I., Kreiner, K. (2015). The interplay between evidence and judgment in the IT project prioritization process.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,24(3), 171-188. Ueda, Y., Maehira, S. (2015). Verification test results of the wide-area control and operation system for distributed generation of renewable energy. InTelecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC), 2015 IEEE International(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Zahedi-Seresht, M., Akbarijokar, M., Khosravi, S., Afshari, H. (2014). Construction project success ranking through the data envelopment analysis.Journal of Data Envelopment Analysis and Decision Science,2014, 1-13.

Influence of Motivation on Organizational Commitment

Question: Describe about the Influence of Motivation on Organizational Commitment. Answer: Organizational commitment is the psychological attachment that members of a particular organization possess towards the organization. An employee commitment towards his/her organization can be determined by observing the organizations variable such as turnover, organizational behaviour of the citizens, as well as the individual employee job performance (Wayne, et al. 2013, pp.606). Factors that determine the level of employee commitment to the organization include employee empowerment, job security, role stress, level of motivation and distribution of leadership roles within the organization (Meyer, et al. 2012, pp.225-245). The three-component theory offers an explanation on employee organizational commitment. The theory provides three distinctive components of commitment by employees towards an organization. The three components include; Affective commitment This concerns the emotional attachment of employees towards the organization. The theory maintains that whenever an employee harbours a high level of affective commitment towards the organization, they are able to enjoy their relationship with the organizations environs and hence are likely to commit their life and to stay at the organization longer (Jackson, et al. 2013, pp.84-106). No one forces them to stay but rather they stay because they have chosen to stay. Continuance commitment Employees commit their future and stay at the organization because to them leaving the organization is likely to prove costly. For instance, one may be forced to stay at an organization due to the fear of being unemployed or losing a position held at the organization through demotion at another organization (Chun, et al. 2013, pp.853-877). Normative commitment In this case, an employee feels that he/she is obliged to stay at an organization and that it would be unethical to leave the organization. There is yet no single definition on what organizational commitment is. Various scholars give varied definitions on the concept of organizational commitment (Chiaburu, et al. 2013, pp.10). However, among the several definitions by the various scholars, there is some degree of consensus that organizational management entails technics aimed at making an employee commit his/her future to the organization. According to Becker (1960), organizational commitment in an employee emanates from his/her awareness of the cost to be incurred by leaving the organization. However, according to Mowday et al. (1982), organizational commitment is the emotional attachment an employee possesses towards a given organization. On the other hand, according to Wiener, organizational commitment emanates from the feeling among employees of a given organization that they have a moral duty to remain loyal and committed to the specific organization. Moreover, Evenson (2003) points out that motivation is how employees of a given organization are able to strive and obtain optimum performance on a day to day basis and enjoy the challenges associated with the process of achieving the good results while caring for their colleagues and the organization in the course of achieving positive results. Furthermore, Meyer and Herscovitch (2001) maintain that organizational commitment is the force binding a given employee to the organization in relation to specific aims and which can be distinguished from motivation factors. Every successful organization invests a lot of resources in their employees. It is therefore very essential for organizations to ensure that the employees remain committed to the organization and do not leave (Park Shaw, 2013, pp.268). An employee with a low commitment level will definitely not perform at his/her best. Furthermore, whenever an employee leaves an organization, there are losses incurred in terms of the high cost of replacement as well as temporary implications to the performance of the organization (Costanza, et al. 2012, pp.375-394). It is therefore essential that an organization comes up with ways of ensuring that there employees remain committed to the organization at all times. Motivation entails factors and conditions created at an organization to encourage the morale of employees and boost their performance. There are two forms of employee motivation in any organization; intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation comes from within the employee and is usually applicable whenever the employee finds the work to be satisfying, fulfilling and he/ she is able to enjoy doing it (Imran, et al. 2014, pp.135-144). On the other hand, extrinsic motivation entails external factors that boost the morale of an employee. They include actions taken by the organization such as punishment and rewards, in order to encourage the employee to perform effectively (Reeve, 2014, pp.5). For instance, an employee will work hard to evade punishment while at the same time the same employee will work hard to get rewarded. According to Bartol and Martin (1998), motivation is the inward push that enables an employee to satisfy an unsatisfied desire and ensure that they attain a desired goal. To them, motivation emanates from an individuals innate psychological desires which drive the individual to achieve set objectives. On the other hand, Kalimullah (2010) maintains that employee motivation entails streamlining the objectives of the employee to match those of the organization thereby enabling him/her to channel efforts towards the realization of the organizations goals. However, Mary (1996) points out that, motivation especially for employees by an organization entails the measures taken by the organization in an attempt to achieve organizational effectiveness that uses resources without putting undue pressure, strain and stress on the employees. There exists an old saying that you can take a donkey to the river but you can never force the same donkey to drink water. Human beings at a work station behave just like donkeys. You can employ them, give them working tools but can never force them to perform. Motivation plays a crucial role in ensuring high level of performance and commitment among employees of a given organization. Motivation, both intrinsic and extrinsic encourages employees to get committed to a given organization and perform at high levels (Lepper Greene, 2015, p.2). For instance, an employee will work hard because he/she anticipates rewards such as promotion at the end of the day. On the other hand, another employee may remain committed to a certain job due to the fear of a punishment such as demotion. Equity Theory According to this theory, employment is a form of beneficial and contributory relationship between the employee and the employer. The benefits are in the form of job promotions, employee recognition as well as pay. On the other hand, contributions are in the form of employee expertise, educational qualification, employee effort and ability as well as the experience held by the employee (Pinder, 2014). The theory maintains that if there is equity between benefits and contributions, then the employee is able to enjoy being at the organization and hence commit their future to the organization. If conditions of equity are realised, the employee is able to experience job satisfaction. The theory emphasizes on the importance of motivation in realizing employee commitment to an organization. It encourages the organization management to redesign the organizations motivation system in a manner that avoids the destruction of performance due to perceived inequalities while at the same time ensure that they do not over reward and cost the organizations performance. The equity theory can explain the influence of motivation on organizational commitment. Employees are encouraged to stay and commit their future to an organization depending on the benefits they get from the organization (Manzoor, 2012, pp.1). The benefits could be in the form of rewards and punishments. Employees may stay at an organization due to the fear of punishments they may encounter in the event of leaving the organization such as being unemployed or getting a job in a smaller company. Similarly, the employees may be encouraged to stay at the organization because of the rewards they reap from the organization such as pay increment, promotion and recognition. According to Rudolph and Kleiner (1989) and Sujan (1986), rewarding employees with extrinsic rewards in the form of salary increment, fringe benefits as well as promotion encourages employees to want to stay at the organization longer in anticipation of similar rewards in the future. On the other hand, Darmon (1974) maintains that rewards in the form of money and other financial incentives play a significant role in shaping employees behaviour hence making them commit their future to the organization as an obligation. Furthermore, Dauten (1998) states that a process of motivating employees that requires them to bet on their success enables the employees own the organization perform and hence want to stay to advance on the successes they achieved. Relying on the equity theory and based on the synthesis of the literature provided by Dauten (1998), Darmon (1974) as well as Rudolph and Kleiner (1989), I propose that Motivation influences Organizational commitment. Motivation is an important factor that influences organizational commitment. However, the organization should not over emphasize on motivation in its attempt to promote employee commitment to the organization. This is because there arise cases when motivating employees do not translate into more employee working culture (Yidong Xinxin, 2013, pp.441-455). Due to the varied preference among employees on the mode of motivation, the organization might end up suffering in the long run as a result of a certain mode of motivation employed. For instance, in cases of employees who ascribe more to material motivation factor, the main concern will be distributive justice. On the other hand, with employees whose preference is non-material motivation factor, their focus is usually on acquisition of fair procedure. It is of great importance that in the process of motivating employees, the organization management maintains justice in the factors used. A just motivation system will ensure that all employees are treated fairly and with respect regardless of their social status, ethnic background, race or cultural orientation. For instance, employees should be promoted based on the contribution in terms of educational qualification, ability, expertise and experience. This in the long run will create a culture of justice within the organization which will make staying at the organization enjoyable and hence encourage organizational commitment (Gelens, et al. 2013, pp.341-353). Furthermore, motivation systems that focus on the employee contribution will encourage positive competition among the employees; a phenomenon which will impact positively to the growth of the organization. For instance, rewarding employees based on their academic qualification will encourage other employees to go back to school and advance their educational qualifications. This is in the end will earn them promotions which will make them commit their future to the organization. Moreover, the acquired status as a result of the education advancement will make the employees stay at the organization due to the fear of losing the acquired status upon leaving the organization. Furthermore, ensuring justice in motivating employees reduces conflicts at the work place that could be occasioned by a feeling among the employees who deserve motivation but yet the same is given to those who do not deserve due to preferences such as social status or cultural orientation. Hence a just motivation system will promote organizational commitment. Bibliography Chiaburu, D.S., Lorinkova, N.M. and Van Dyne, L., 2013. Employees social context and change-oriented citizenship: A meta-analysis of leader, coworker, and organizational influences. Group Organization Management, p.1059601113476736. Chun, J.S., Shin, Y., Choi, J.N. and Kim, M.S., 2013. How does corporate ethics contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of collective organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Management, 39(4), pp.853-877. Costanza, D.P., Badger, J.M., Fraser, R.L., Severt, J.B. and Gade, P.A., 2012. Generational differences in work-related attitudes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(4), pp.375-394. Gelens, J., Dries, N., Hofmans, J. and Pepermans, R., 2013. The role of perceived organizational justice in shaping the outcomes of talent management: A research agenda. Human Resource Management Review, 23(4), pp.341-353. Imran, H., Arif, I., Cheema, S. and Azeem, M., 2014. Relationship between job satisfaction, job performance, attitude towards work, and organizational commitment. Entrepreneurship and innovation management journal, 2(2), pp.135-144. Jackson, T.A., Meyer, J.P. and Wang, X.H.F., 2013. Leadership, Commitment, and Culture A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 20(1), pp.84-106. Lepper, M.R. and Greene, D. eds., 2015. The hidden costs of reward: New perspectives on the psychology of human motivation. Psychology Press, p.2. Manzoor, Q.A., 2012. Impact of employees motivation on organizational effectiveness. Business management and strategy, 3(1), p.1. Meyer, J.P., Stanley, D.J., Jackson, T.A., McInnis, K.J., Maltin, E.R. and Sheppard, L., 2012. Affective, normative, and continuance commitment levels across cultures: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), pp.225-245. Park, T.Y. and Shaw, J.D., 2013. Turnover rates and organizational performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(2), p.268. Pinder, C.C., 2014. Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press, p.5-7. Reeve, J., 2014. Understanding motivation and emotion. John Wiley Sons, p.5. Wayne, J.H., Casper, W.J., Matthews, R.A. and Allen, T.D., 2013. Family-supportive organization perceptions and organizational commitment: The mediating role of workfamily conflict and enrichment and partner attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(4), p.606. Yidong, T. and Xinxin, L., 2013. How ethical leadership influence employees innovative work behavior: A perspective of intrinsic motivation. Journal of Business Ethics, 116(2), pp.441-455.