Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Free Essays

Since acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized more than 20 years ago, remarkable progress has been made in improving the quality and duration of life of persons with HIV infection. During the first decade, this progress was associated with recognition of opportunistic disease processes, more effective therapy for complications, and introduction of prophylaxis against common opportunistic infections (OIs). The second decade has witnessed progress in developing highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) as well as continuing progress in treating OIs (Masur, Kaplan Holmes, 1999). We will write a custom essay sample on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since the HIV serologic test (enzyme immunoassay [EIA], formerly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ALISHA], became available in 1984, allowing early diagnosis of the infection before onset of symptoms, HIV infection has been best managed as a chronic disease   and most appropriately managed in an outpatient care setting (Gallant, 2001). II. Background A. Epidemiology In fall 1982, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a case definition of AIDS after the first 100 cases were reported. Since then, the CDC has revised the case definition a number of times (1985, 1987, and 1993) All 50 states, the District of Columbia, U.S. dependencies and possessions, and independent nations in free association with the United States report AIDS cases to the CDC using a uniform surveillance case definition and case report from (CDC, 2000). Starting in the late 1990s, more states started to implement HIV case reporting in response to the changing epidemic and the need for information on persons with HIV infection who have not developed AIDS. As of December 2001, there were 816,149 reported cases of HIV/AIDS and 506, 154 adults, adolescents, and children in the United States (including U.S. dependencies, possession, and associated nations) living with AIDS. Unprotected sex and sharing of injection drug use equipment are the major means of transmission of HIV. A total of 43, 158 AIDS cases were diagnosed in 2001. For men diagnosed with AIDS during 2001, 59% were in the exposure category of men who have sex with men; 24% in injection drug use; and 7% in heterosexual contact. In women diagnosed with AIDS during that same period, 44% reported injection drug use and 52% reported heterosexual contact. Comparing race/ethnicity amount the three largest groups diagnosed in 2001, 20,752 were black, not Hispanics (CDC, 2002). The number of people living with AIDS is not evenly distributed throughout the United States. States with the largest number of reported AIDS cases during 2001 were New York (7,476), Florida (5,138), California (4,315), Texas (2,892), and Maryland (1,860) (CDC, 2002). AIDS has reached epidemic proportions in some other parts of the world. According to the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, more than 18.3 million people worldwide have died of AIDS and 34.3 million people are infected with HIV, with 5.4 million people newly infected with HIV in 1999 alone (Letvin, Bloom Hoffman, 2001). UNAIDS (2001) reports that since the epidemic began, more than 60 million people have been infected with the virus, making it the most devastating disease ever. The earliest confirmed case of HIV infection was found in blood drawn from an African man in 1959 (Stephenson, 2003). Although factors associated with the spread of HIV in Africa in the 1960s; however, social changes such as easier access to transportation, increasing population density, and more frequent sexual contacts may have been more important (Stephenson 2003). III. Discussion A. HIV Transmission   HIV-1 is transmitted in body fluids containing HIV and/or infected CD4+ (or CD4) T lymphocytes. These fluids include blood, seminal fluid, vaginal secretions, amniotic fluid, and breast milk. Mother-child transmission of HIV-1 may occur in utero, at the time of the delivery, or through breastfeeding, but transmission frequency during each period has been difficult to determine (Nduati et al., 2000). Any behavior that results in breaks in the skin or mucosa results in the increased probability of exposure to HIV (chart 1). Since HIV is harbored within lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, any exposure to infected blood results in a significant risk of infection. The amount of virus and infected cells in the body fluid is associated with the risk of new infections. How to cite Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Papers

Project Management for Collection of Sources-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theProject Management for Collection of Sources. Answer: Prioritization Process The project prioritization process helps in the formation of the structure for the carrying out of the activities in an organized fashion. The priority is set at first and then the process is carried out so that the outcome for the project can be achieved successfully (Shollo, Constantiou Kreiner, 2015). The use of the project prioritization process also helps in the ranking system of the various processes (Zahedi-Seresht et al., 2014). The order of execution of the various processes of the project is decided by the use of the method of project prioritization process. Rational Criteria The six criteria of project prioritization are as follows (Kerzner Kerzner, 2017)- Understanding the project: The proper understanding of what is required of the project is necessary for the achieving of the outcome of the task. Planning of project: The proper planning of the project is necessary for the carrying out of the task Collection of sources: The next criteria for the prioritization process involve the collection of the data and the collection of the important information in order to carry out the task. Ranking of processes: Based on the importance of the processes, these processes are ranked and the work flow of the project is carried out in accordance with the processes Execution of processes: After all the processes are carried out then the execution of the task is to be made Verification: The verification part involves the checking of the task. The whole task is checked and reviewed and in case of any failure or any problem the error is corrected and then the correct solution is provided. The Project and the solution The project is based on providing shelter to the homeless people coming from different background in Australia. For this two different solutions are proposed (Shadiev, Hwang Huang, 2015). Proper understanding and evaluation of both the solution is necessary in order to propose a particular solution (Ueda Maehira, 2015). The Priority list of both the project The list of priorities associated with project A are as follows- Construction of the 2000 housing units in state of Queensland Construction of Physical amenities Construction of roads, public school, hospital A solution to the homelessness in Australia The list of priorities associated with project B is as follows- Checking the issues such as depression, infectious diseases and so on associated with the homeless people. Eradication of problem of homelessness by pondering over the cures such as building of low budget homes. Creation of awareness among the individual for the serious topic of homelessness, drug addiction and so on Cultivation, farming and other labour skills to be taught to homeless people After evaluation of the prioritization list, it can be concluded that that project B is a feasible and more practical solution to the problem. Associated weightings Criteria Project A Weighing (On scale of 5) Construction of the 2000 housing units in state of Queensland 4.2 Construction of Physical amenities 3.8 Construction of roads, public school, hospital 3.5 Criteria Project b Weighing (On scale of 5) Checking the issues such as depression, infectious diseases and so on associated with the homeless people. 4.2 Eradication of problem of homelessness by pondering over the cures such as building of low budget homes. 4.3 Creation of awareness among the individual for the serious topic of homelessness, drug addiction and so on 4 Cultivation, farming and other labour skills to be taught to homeless people 4.5 Therefore, it is seen that it is more feasible to implement project B Process to Address Failure It is critical to address the project failure as the project is based on providing shelter to the homeless people. Two approaches or solution to the project is present, one of which is construction of 2000 housing units in the state of Queensland. The housing units will be specifically designed to cater for the social and cultural needs of indigenous Australians. The other solution is to use the farming land available in Australia which is not used till date for the use of the homeless people. Therefore it is a very critical decision that is to be made and process of addressing the failure can be implementation of the project after performing proper feasibility and risk analysis. The Project B is chosen and project A is eliminated from the consideration as project A tends to provide houses to the homeless people while project B will address the causes of homelessness and unemployment. Prioritization Matrix: Criteria of chosen solution Weight Score in project A (building of houses) Score of Project B (Using the cultivation lands) 1 Easy Resource availability 5 3 4 2 Provides solution to the identified problem 5 5 5 3 Associated risk 5 4 3 4 Cost of implementation 5 3 4 5 Time for execution 5 3 4 6 Complexity 5 4 5 7 Budget 5 3 4 8 Relocation Cost 5 4 4 9 Site availability 5 3 4 Total Score 32 37 The project B is chosen as it is more feasible to implement as the budget for project B is $33 million dollars while the cost of implementation of project A is nearly $8 billion. Prioritization Outcome The understanding of the project is the most important part of the project. This shows that the understanding of the project is the most important part for carrying out a task. If the requirement of the task is not properly understood then the problem may arise and the outcome of the project is not achieved. The ranking process has been stated as important next to the understanding of the task (Shadiev, Hwang Huang, 2015). The ranking of the task is important as the processes, which are important has to be decided. The work flow is decided on the basis of this parameter. If all the small processes are satisfied only then the task can be completed in a proper manner. The parameter of verification and planning of a project has been ranked third and fourth respectively as these parameters are next important (Reich, 2016).. The proper checking of the task is important after its completion and the planning is to be made before proceeding with the project as the proper planning needs to b e made to avoid any errors. From the above matrix, it can be concluded that it will be more feasible to implement the project B. The project criteria identified are based on the scope of the project and the associated weighing is given on basis of the identified criteria (Kerzner, 2017). The scoring of each criterion is based on a scale of 1 to 5 where 1 represents higher complexity and 5 represents lower complexity. For example, in criteria number 4 that is based on cost of implementation, a score of 3 for project A and a score of 4 for project B indicates it will require more resource and money in implementing project A in comparison to the implementation of project B. Furthermore, it addresses the different causes of homelessness. Therefore it is concluded that out of the two proposed solutions, use of the cultivable land is more appropriate in providing shelter to the homeless people of Australia. References: Kerzner, H. (2017). Project Execution.Project Management Case Studies, 211-308. Kerzner, H., Kerzner, H. R. (2017).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Reich, T. (2016). A Crossroads for Collection Development and Assessment, Its Fallout, and Unknowns: Where Do We Go From Here?. Shadiev, R., Hwang, W. Y., Huang, Y. M. (2015). A pilot study: Facilitating cross-cultural understanding with project-based collaborative learning in an online environment.Australasian Journal of Educational Technology,31(2). Shollo, A., Constantiou, I., Kreiner, K. (2015). The interplay between evidence and judgment in the IT project prioritization process.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,24(3), 171-188. Ueda, Y., Maehira, S. (2015). Verification test results of the wide-area control and operation system for distributed generation of renewable energy. InTelecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC), 2015 IEEE International(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Zahedi-Seresht, M., Akbarijokar, M., Khosravi, S., Afshari, H. (2014). Construction project success ranking through the data envelopment analysis.Journal of Data Envelopment Analysis and Decision Science,2014, 1-13.

Influence of Motivation on Organizational Commitment

Question: Describe about the Influence of Motivation on Organizational Commitment. Answer: Organizational commitment is the psychological attachment that members of a particular organization possess towards the organization. An employee commitment towards his/her organization can be determined by observing the organizations variable such as turnover, organizational behaviour of the citizens, as well as the individual employee job performance (Wayne, et al. 2013, pp.606). Factors that determine the level of employee commitment to the organization include employee empowerment, job security, role stress, level of motivation and distribution of leadership roles within the organization (Meyer, et al. 2012, pp.225-245). The three-component theory offers an explanation on employee organizational commitment. The theory provides three distinctive components of commitment by employees towards an organization. The three components include; Affective commitment This concerns the emotional attachment of employees towards the organization. The theory maintains that whenever an employee harbours a high level of affective commitment towards the organization, they are able to enjoy their relationship with the organizations environs and hence are likely to commit their life and to stay at the organization longer (Jackson, et al. 2013, pp.84-106). No one forces them to stay but rather they stay because they have chosen to stay. Continuance commitment Employees commit their future and stay at the organization because to them leaving the organization is likely to prove costly. For instance, one may be forced to stay at an organization due to the fear of being unemployed or losing a position held at the organization through demotion at another organization (Chun, et al. 2013, pp.853-877). Normative commitment In this case, an employee feels that he/she is obliged to stay at an organization and that it would be unethical to leave the organization. There is yet no single definition on what organizational commitment is. Various scholars give varied definitions on the concept of organizational commitment (Chiaburu, et al. 2013, pp.10). However, among the several definitions by the various scholars, there is some degree of consensus that organizational management entails technics aimed at making an employee commit his/her future to the organization. According to Becker (1960), organizational commitment in an employee emanates from his/her awareness of the cost to be incurred by leaving the organization. However, according to Mowday et al. (1982), organizational commitment is the emotional attachment an employee possesses towards a given organization. On the other hand, according to Wiener, organizational commitment emanates from the feeling among employees of a given organization that they have a moral duty to remain loyal and committed to the specific organization. Moreover, Evenson (2003) points out that motivation is how employees of a given organization are able to strive and obtain optimum performance on a day to day basis and enjoy the challenges associated with the process of achieving the good results while caring for their colleagues and the organization in the course of achieving positive results. Furthermore, Meyer and Herscovitch (2001) maintain that organizational commitment is the force binding a given employee to the organization in relation to specific aims and which can be distinguished from motivation factors. Every successful organization invests a lot of resources in their employees. It is therefore very essential for organizations to ensure that the employees remain committed to the organization and do not leave (Park Shaw, 2013, pp.268). An employee with a low commitment level will definitely not perform at his/her best. Furthermore, whenever an employee leaves an organization, there are losses incurred in terms of the high cost of replacement as well as temporary implications to the performance of the organization (Costanza, et al. 2012, pp.375-394). It is therefore essential that an organization comes up with ways of ensuring that there employees remain committed to the organization at all times. Motivation entails factors and conditions created at an organization to encourage the morale of employees and boost their performance. There are two forms of employee motivation in any organization; intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation comes from within the employee and is usually applicable whenever the employee finds the work to be satisfying, fulfilling and he/ she is able to enjoy doing it (Imran, et al. 2014, pp.135-144). On the other hand, extrinsic motivation entails external factors that boost the morale of an employee. They include actions taken by the organization such as punishment and rewards, in order to encourage the employee to perform effectively (Reeve, 2014, pp.5). For instance, an employee will work hard to evade punishment while at the same time the same employee will work hard to get rewarded. According to Bartol and Martin (1998), motivation is the inward push that enables an employee to satisfy an unsatisfied desire and ensure that they attain a desired goal. To them, motivation emanates from an individuals innate psychological desires which drive the individual to achieve set objectives. On the other hand, Kalimullah (2010) maintains that employee motivation entails streamlining the objectives of the employee to match those of the organization thereby enabling him/her to channel efforts towards the realization of the organizations goals. However, Mary (1996) points out that, motivation especially for employees by an organization entails the measures taken by the organization in an attempt to achieve organizational effectiveness that uses resources without putting undue pressure, strain and stress on the employees. There exists an old saying that you can take a donkey to the river but you can never force the same donkey to drink water. Human beings at a work station behave just like donkeys. You can employ them, give them working tools but can never force them to perform. Motivation plays a crucial role in ensuring high level of performance and commitment among employees of a given organization. Motivation, both intrinsic and extrinsic encourages employees to get committed to a given organization and perform at high levels (Lepper Greene, 2015, p.2). For instance, an employee will work hard because he/she anticipates rewards such as promotion at the end of the day. On the other hand, another employee may remain committed to a certain job due to the fear of a punishment such as demotion. Equity Theory According to this theory, employment is a form of beneficial and contributory relationship between the employee and the employer. The benefits are in the form of job promotions, employee recognition as well as pay. On the other hand, contributions are in the form of employee expertise, educational qualification, employee effort and ability as well as the experience held by the employee (Pinder, 2014). The theory maintains that if there is equity between benefits and contributions, then the employee is able to enjoy being at the organization and hence commit their future to the organization. If conditions of equity are realised, the employee is able to experience job satisfaction. The theory emphasizes on the importance of motivation in realizing employee commitment to an organization. It encourages the organization management to redesign the organizations motivation system in a manner that avoids the destruction of performance due to perceived inequalities while at the same time ensure that they do not over reward and cost the organizations performance. The equity theory can explain the influence of motivation on organizational commitment. Employees are encouraged to stay and commit their future to an organization depending on the benefits they get from the organization (Manzoor, 2012, pp.1). The benefits could be in the form of rewards and punishments. Employees may stay at an organization due to the fear of punishments they may encounter in the event of leaving the organization such as being unemployed or getting a job in a smaller company. Similarly, the employees may be encouraged to stay at the organization because of the rewards they reap from the organization such as pay increment, promotion and recognition. According to Rudolph and Kleiner (1989) and Sujan (1986), rewarding employees with extrinsic rewards in the form of salary increment, fringe benefits as well as promotion encourages employees to want to stay at the organization longer in anticipation of similar rewards in the future. On the other hand, Darmon (1974) maintains that rewards in the form of money and other financial incentives play a significant role in shaping employees behaviour hence making them commit their future to the organization as an obligation. Furthermore, Dauten (1998) states that a process of motivating employees that requires them to bet on their success enables the employees own the organization perform and hence want to stay to advance on the successes they achieved. Relying on the equity theory and based on the synthesis of the literature provided by Dauten (1998), Darmon (1974) as well as Rudolph and Kleiner (1989), I propose that Motivation influences Organizational commitment. Motivation is an important factor that influences organizational commitment. However, the organization should not over emphasize on motivation in its attempt to promote employee commitment to the organization. This is because there arise cases when motivating employees do not translate into more employee working culture (Yidong Xinxin, 2013, pp.441-455). Due to the varied preference among employees on the mode of motivation, the organization might end up suffering in the long run as a result of a certain mode of motivation employed. For instance, in cases of employees who ascribe more to material motivation factor, the main concern will be distributive justice. On the other hand, with employees whose preference is non-material motivation factor, their focus is usually on acquisition of fair procedure. It is of great importance that in the process of motivating employees, the organization management maintains justice in the factors used. A just motivation system will ensure that all employees are treated fairly and with respect regardless of their social status, ethnic background, race or cultural orientation. For instance, employees should be promoted based on the contribution in terms of educational qualification, ability, expertise and experience. This in the long run will create a culture of justice within the organization which will make staying at the organization enjoyable and hence encourage organizational commitment (Gelens, et al. 2013, pp.341-353). Furthermore, motivation systems that focus on the employee contribution will encourage positive competition among the employees; a phenomenon which will impact positively to the growth of the organization. For instance, rewarding employees based on their academic qualification will encourage other employees to go back to school and advance their educational qualifications. This is in the end will earn them promotions which will make them commit their future to the organization. Moreover, the acquired status as a result of the education advancement will make the employees stay at the organization due to the fear of losing the acquired status upon leaving the organization. Furthermore, ensuring justice in motivating employees reduces conflicts at the work place that could be occasioned by a feeling among the employees who deserve motivation but yet the same is given to those who do not deserve due to preferences such as social status or cultural orientation. Hence a just motivation system will promote organizational commitment. Bibliography Chiaburu, D.S., Lorinkova, N.M. and Van Dyne, L., 2013. Employees social context and change-oriented citizenship: A meta-analysis of leader, coworker, and organizational influences. Group Organization Management, p.1059601113476736. Chun, J.S., Shin, Y., Choi, J.N. and Kim, M.S., 2013. How does corporate ethics contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of collective organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Management, 39(4), pp.853-877. Costanza, D.P., Badger, J.M., Fraser, R.L., Severt, J.B. and Gade, P.A., 2012. Generational differences in work-related attitudes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(4), pp.375-394. Gelens, J., Dries, N., Hofmans, J. and Pepermans, R., 2013. The role of perceived organizational justice in shaping the outcomes of talent management: A research agenda. Human Resource Management Review, 23(4), pp.341-353. Imran, H., Arif, I., Cheema, S. and Azeem, M., 2014. Relationship between job satisfaction, job performance, attitude towards work, and organizational commitment. Entrepreneurship and innovation management journal, 2(2), pp.135-144. Jackson, T.A., Meyer, J.P. and Wang, X.H.F., 2013. Leadership, Commitment, and Culture A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 20(1), pp.84-106. Lepper, M.R. and Greene, D. eds., 2015. The hidden costs of reward: New perspectives on the psychology of human motivation. Psychology Press, p.2. Manzoor, Q.A., 2012. Impact of employees motivation on organizational effectiveness. Business management and strategy, 3(1), p.1. Meyer, J.P., Stanley, D.J., Jackson, T.A., McInnis, K.J., Maltin, E.R. and Sheppard, L., 2012. Affective, normative, and continuance commitment levels across cultures: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), pp.225-245. Park, T.Y. and Shaw, J.D., 2013. Turnover rates and organizational performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(2), p.268. Pinder, C.C., 2014. Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press, p.5-7. Reeve, J., 2014. Understanding motivation and emotion. John Wiley Sons, p.5. Wayne, J.H., Casper, W.J., Matthews, R.A. and Allen, T.D., 2013. Family-supportive organization perceptions and organizational commitment: The mediating role of workfamily conflict and enrichment and partner attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(4), p.606. Yidong, T. and Xinxin, L., 2013. How ethical leadership influence employees innovative work behavior: A perspective of intrinsic motivation. Journal of Business Ethics, 116(2), pp.441-455.

The Extent of Drug Abuse Among People in America

Toronto Mayor Rob Ford Said He Lied about Crack Cocaine Use Because He Was EmbarrassedAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Extent of Drug Abuse Among People in America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mayor lied about the use of crack cocaine The article titled â€Å"Toronto Mayor Rob Ford said he lied about crack cocaine use because he was embarrassed† talks about the use of cocaine by a public figure. It was published on February 10, 2014. The article talks about the reasons why the mayor of Toronto lied about his habit of using crack cocaine. The article was written in order to offer an explanation why the mayor lied about his illegal habit of using crack cocaine. Cocaine is an illegal drug that is abused by many people. This article shows the extent of drug abuse among people in America. Drug use is illegal. However, a person who is supposed to be spearheading the war against drug use and abuse was cau ght smoking crack cocaine. The article shows the extent to which leaders go to break laws instead of protecting them. I think the article was written in order to encourage people who use cocaine to come clean about their habit and ask for help. It was difficult for the mayor to deny his problem because it could have led to his removal from office. According to the article, the mayor lied about his habit of using crack cocaine because he was embarrassed (Foxnews.Com par1). Admitting to such a habit is very difficult especially for a political figure like a mayor. The mayor confirmed this through a video posted on YouTube. According to the author of the article, the mayor defended himself by claiming that everybody in the world lies about one thing or another. However, he admitted that he was embarrassed for lying about his habit (Foxnews.Com par1). The mayor was very categorical on his use of crack cocaine. He denied allegation that he was an addict. According to him, even though he used crack cocaine, he was not an addict. In addition, he said that admitting to using cocaine was a humiliating experience for him because he had to do it to the whole world (Foxnews.Com par3).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to a report released last year, the mayor was reported to be an addict. Apparently, he was captured on camera smoking weed. The mayor refuted these accusations because drug use was illegal. It is important for leaders to take responsibility of their actions because they are expected to be role models to the young people. The article is interesting because it covers an issue that is debated among many fields in the world. It is discouraging to hear a leader deny a habit that could lead to his downfall. Many young people today use illegal drugs for several purposes and are embarrassed to admit. The mayor is supposed to be a role model to youn g people. However, his habit of using crack cocaine is not a reason to look upon him as a role model. The population most affected comprises young people who are affected by the drug because of denial. Denial of such a habit causes problems to many people because it leads to addictions that have negative effects on the lives of users. Many addicts do not seek help because of embarrassment. Many young people today abuse crack cocaine because of its availability and affordability. I chose this article because the use of cocaine is prevalent among many people, both old and young. Both young and old people use drugs. In addition, I chose it because it highlights a problem that needs to be solved. Leaders are supposed to protect laws and not break them. Young people are more likely to use illegal drugs because they see their leaders using them. Works Cited Foxnews.Com: Toronto mayor Rob Ford said he lied about crack cocaine use because  he was embarrassed. Feb 10. 2014. Web. Feb 22. 20 14. https://www.foxnews.com/world/toronto-mayor-rob-ford-said-he-lied-about-crack-cocaine-use-because-he-was-embarrassed. This essay on The Extent of Drug Abuse Among People in America was written and submitted by user Juliette Munoz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Truth About Online Plagiarism Checkers

The Truth About Online Plagiarism Checkers The Goal We decided to study three important questions: Are online tools safe? Are user privacy, data protection, intellectual property, and licensing of the content concerned? Does the free option hide any unexpected features? Is such software as reliable and helpful as advertised? How the Websites Have Been Selected First of all, we googled such keywords as plagiarism detection, plagiarism test, free plagiarism tools, plagiarism checkers, duplicate text search, plagiarism software, plagiarism scanner, etc. After that, we checked available reviews of online plagiarism services and added them to the list. We tested selected tools using free option, without registration, and removed services that didnt work. Finally, we had a list of 32 websites. How We Tested the Websites For each of the websites, we checked such sections as Disclaimers, Terms of Service, FAQ, Support Forums, Privacy Policy, and Warnings. We searched for information on licensing, use of submitted content, data protection, service location and governing laws, and liability limitations. We also compared the information on country location available on the website and information from the WHOIS database. We even visited professional forums and social media to confirm some data on the location of the service. Results According to results of our research, 25% of online plagiarism checkers save submitted content. 28% of such websites claim that they dont save the content, and for 44% its impossible to determine whether or not they save the content. 13% of websites admit that they use the submitted content for their own purposes (either commercial or non-commercial). For 54%, its impossible to determine whether they use the content or not. 31% of websites claim that they dont use the saved content. 34% of the websites are located in countries with proper laws regarding intellectual theft and copyright (USA, Germany, Australia, Hong-Kong, UK, Cyprus). 25% of the services are located in countries with weak legal protection (Ukraine, Pakistan, Russia). For 41% of the websites, we were unable to determine the location. Final Thoughts Many students, bloggers, teachers, and writers use online plagiarism services every day. According to the results of our research, the use of such services sometimes is very risky, because the submitted content can be unprotected against copyright violations. Most of the free online services dont provide users with clear information on what they do with the submitted content, and how they use it. Some services publish the submitted content as their own and use it in any way they want. However, such services want a stream of fresh content for a reason. They dont have many sources to determine whether or not a certain text is original. Thus, some complicated services use the submitted content to improve the effectiveness of their work. At the same time, such a use of the content creates an opportunity to steal the content. The Privacy Policies and the Terms of Use may be changed anytime, so users cannot rely on claims of such websites. The submitted content may be used for so-called content spinning software, which uses the original content to create many paraphrased copies of texts on the same topic. We can conclude that writers and students who use online plagiarism checkers risk giving their content to the content spinning software. We suggest not using online plagiarism checking websites. You can copy and paste sentences from your text into a search box of any search engine, and it will work just like plagiarism checkers, or even better. Do Online Plagiarism Detectors Work Honestly? You may have heard that there is nothing new under the sun. However, almost all colleges, universities, and MBA schools want their students to write an original content that will have nothing in common with works written before. Plagiarism isnt a new thing – even Shakespeare borrowed almost all his ideas from other sources, but the internet has raised plagiarism to a completely new level. Professors dont like when students steal their works from the internet. Given the large class sizes and fast pace of work, teachers dont have much time to consider each student individually, trying to figure out whether he or she have plagiarized the work or not. Plagiarism checkers are a perfect solution in such conditions; they allow teachers to check many papers fast and easily. Most plagiarism checkers compare texts to the available web pages, and already-uploaded texts (most teachers require all their students to use such online services). After that, plagiarism checkers provide users with an analysis of the content, taking into account the percentage of text that has been found in other sources. Such a method includes many drawbacks. For example, students may use quotes from various sources. Even if all the citations are written according to necessary standards, plagiarism checkers will flag these elements as plagiarized. Thus, if students have analytical papers assigned, and their works include many quotes from Shakespeare or Dickens, they can be accused of plagiarizing the content, even if they followed all the quotation rules. Another common problem related to the use of online plagiarism detectors is that many students use some common, trivial phrases, such as its easier said than done, in the heat of the moment, and so on. Of course, good academic writing implies avoiding such constructions, but the use of common phrases itself isnt plagiarizing. At the same time, some students just change the wording without changing the content, and their texts may pass plagiarism check because such algorithms are unable to detect paraphrasing. Computers are able to consider words and phrases, but not the meaning of the text. Plagiarism software also has its ethical side. Professors rely on online checkers instead of doing their job and checking all papers manually. Some students may not understand the concept of plagiarism. For example, why citing their textbook is considered plagiarism, while quotes from Shakespeare are not. Students from some foreign countries may even consider citing their professor as a form of respect. Thats why telling students what exactly is considered plagiarism, and providing them with examples is necessary. Professors have to create an environment that will motivate students to avoid plagiarism. They have to spend more time with students, helping them with assignments and learning each students writing style. Understanding capabilities of each student, teachers will be able to easily understand whether or not their content was plagiarized. Professors also have to figure out why certain texts are flagged as plagiarism and check if citations are written properly. Usually, common assignments produce more positive results, because students use citations from reliable sources and familiar ideas. Unique assignments are much more difficult for students because they are not sure where to find the information. Their citations may be formatted incorrect, which in turn, will cause a bad originality percentage for such a work. Finally, another problem with plagiarism checkers is that they add certain tension between students and professors, minimizing the trust. When students hear long speeches about how their papers will be checked for plagiarism, it doesnt motivate them to follow the honor code. In our opinion, professors must remember that policing their students isnt their main goal. Plagiarism checkers do their job, but they cannot solve such real problems as weak students skills and drawbacks of the educational system.

The Time between Death and the Discovery of the Corpse Assignment

The Time between Death and the Discovery of the Corpse - Assignment Example This highlighted the aim of the study to show the importance of considering the effects of larval crowding that could cause PMI errors during casework. It was found out that increased larval crowding resulted in faster development of C. vomitoria and the size of C. vomitoria that could cause overestimation and underestimation of PMI respectively if not accounted for during casework. The major limitation of this research is that the study only explored development during larval stages. This means that further investigations are needed before making direct comparisons with the results. Moreover, comparison with other studies was difficult because the muscle used in each experiment had a different origin and was likely to cause variation in the results. The consideration of space available to larvae within a culture affects competitive interactions would be required. The research had several strengths while conducting the research. The researchers ensured that food was always in excess so that competitive effects could be ruled out. They also reared the cultures in different pig tissue enabling them to determine the development rate at different larval densities in cultures reared in the brain, liver, and muscle while keeping the experimental conditions identical. The effects of larval crowding at three intervals on each of the three tissues were observed for the greatest changes in body tissues. It was found out that the brain was the least nourishing and due to lower protein levels and higher water content, there was rapid consumption compared to the other tissues. In conclusion, the research was justified because it effectively gave light to how overcrowding during larval stages of development resulted in a competitive feeding environment, therefore, affecting size, development rate, and survival.  

MANAGING IN A MIXED ECONOMY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

MANAGING IN A MIXED ECONOMY - Essay Example In other types of contracts like the private finance initiative, the private sector makes the capital investment through a contract by the government while the government might wholly or partly bear the cost of providing the service. In the UK, PPP has had a long history. In 1992, the private finance initiative (PFI) was introduced by the Conservative government. This was the first official and systematic program aimed at encouraging public-private partnerships. Over the years, this initiative has been expanded to create efficiency and to enhance the realization of â€Å"value for money.† It must be emphasized that PPP has been successful in a number of ways throughout the UK. Various programs have successfully been accomplished through this initiative and the trend continues. In the same way, the initiative has had is fair share of challenges (Dodgson & Gann, 2008). Some of the programs initiated through the private finance initiative have run out of budget without giving the value for money. The core objective of PPP is to ensure a proper partnership without diminishing either sector. In a world where innovation and strategy implementation seems to be the only way forward, it is indeed important for the private and public sector to collaborate in offering services to the people. London Underground One example of PPP is the London Underground which is a metro transportation system serving a larger portion of the greater London. Spanning over 402 kilometers with 270stations, the Tube is a subsidiary of Transport for London. Presently, 91% of the operational expenditure of the system is covered by fares paid by the passengers. Under the PPP, there were three infrastructure companies which were responsible for the renewal and maintenance of the London Underground. Indeed, it is realized that the PPP was a great step in enhancing the efficiency of the rail system and learning some of the issues which should be a dressed in order to improve such future partn erships in the country. In a way, the London Underground PPP is a classic case of a public private partnership which realized a number of successes and was also plagued with many challenges. In the context of strategy and innovation, it is realized that partnerships are an important way of benefiting through the good strategy and innovation in the private sector and the mechanisms of the government. The essence of this partnership was basically to develop and create an efficient infrastructure for London which could become a model across the world. As such, the London Underground Limited was created as the public sector mandated to operate and maintain this metro system in London. PwC was in charge of reviewing the options available in terms of strategy and funding while also ensuring the continual development of the initiative. At the end of the review process, the PPP was clearly outlined. It involved a ?37.7 billion of investment spanning a period of 30 years in addition to a ?4. 6 billion of private funding. Private sector consortiums were therefore allowed to take charge of the rehabilitation and maintenance of the Underground system in order to enhance its performance and ensure innovation and proper strategy implementation. In addition to the private financing, the government provided annual grants and